Two other kinds of sharks known to this region have similar fins: the basking shark and the salmon shark. They live in open water away from shore. Catfish . Copyright 2023 - globalanswers - All Rights Reserved. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The Columbia River in the Portland area will be open for Chinook and Hatchery Coho Salmon retention from August 1st through September 13th. October 12, 2022 September 19, 2022 by Brent Pollock "It's not very often we see sharks in that area of the Columbia River, but it does not mean they are not there" ODFW spokesperson Rick Hargrave said. The Golden Mile of Clear Creek is a popular spot to fish for trout, including browns, brook, cuttbow, cutthroat, and rainbow. The Scientist Bringing Fresh Fish Back to Philadelphia's Underserved Neighborhoods, The Smugglers Who Hid Booze in the Home of Saudi Arabia's Top Religious Official, The Mutant, All-Female Crayfish That Reproduce by Cloning Themselves, We Now Have Evidence That Alligators Like Chomping on Sharks, Fixing a Failed Whale Burial in Australia, Blob-Like Creatures Discovered in Canada's Lost Lagoon. Like us on Facebook to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. Robb started recording a small flock of seagulls hovering over a pool of. How do you catch big brown trout at night? The Columbia River above Bonneville Dam opens for Chinook and Coho Salmon fishing on August 1st. Fish are nutritious, but resident fish from the middle Columbia River contain chemicals (mercury and PCBs) that may harm your health depending on how much you eat. Catch-and-release fishing for sturgeon is also open year-round on many stretches of the Columbia River, including the lower Columbia River on days closed to retention. There have been several reports of sharks in the Columbia River, but most of these have been proven to be false. The Columbia River (Upper Chinook: Wimahl or Wimal; Sahaptin: Nch'i-Wna or Nchi wana; Sinixt dialect swah'netk'qhu) is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Here, you'll have easy access to dining and shopping in picturesque, historic downtown Fuquay-Varina. Smallmouth Bass fishing on the Columbia River is one of my favorite fisheries in the world. Discover where the river flows, human habitation of the Columbia River Basin, the uses of the river throughout history, and current problems for the river. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Your email address will not be published. Information related to the topic Are there sharks in the Columbia River? Can I fish with barbed hooks on the Columbia River? The rivers temperature can vary from temperate in the shallows to near-freezing in open water. The Columbian Sharks appear to prefer tank mates that some other tank mates do not. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. There are many hoaxes that circulate the internet, but the shark in the Columbia River is not one of them. Neil M. Howison, U.S. Navy, arrived in the Columbia River July 1, 1846, in the schooner Shark for the purpose of making an investigation of part of the Oregon Country for the government. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Throughout the Lower Columbia River, where the river serves as the border between Washington and Oregon, the river fluctuates between 21-22C. The shark attack on Herrington in Oregon waters is a rare occurrence. Largemouth bass, crappie and other panfish are more common in sloughs and other backwater areas, including Scappoose Bay. Great white sharks grow up to 20 feet and can weigh almost 4,000 lbs. Required fields are marked *. For basking sharks report any sightings and if possible take photos. Are There Sharks In The Columbia River? Two-rod validations have been available to Oregon anglers for several years. Researchers are finding their habits to be very unpredictable and they can be dangerous and often hunt in packs. They are a slow growing shark with sexual maturity being around 20 years. Like Atlas Obscura and get our latest and greatest stories in your Facebook feed. Josh Robb captured this footage of a shark attacking a seal on the Columbia River near Astoria while he was out fishing on Nov. 12, 2016. Second, there have been no reports of any shark sightings in the river. Sharks are tropical fish and can only survive in water that is between 70 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The Columbia River, which runs through the Willamette River Basin, is one of the most important tributaries for the production of wild spring Chinook Salmon and Bull Trout. The witnesses judged the shark to be around 12-15 feet long, which would make it an average-sized great white specimen, although local wildlife experts quoted by KGW have other theories. You can find out more about which cookies we are using or switch them off in settings. Is it safe to eat fish from the Columbia River? He spent nine days in the hospital as he recovered from the wound. Radiation Myth: The Columbia River isnt safe because Hanford is poisoning it with radiation. Can you fish for salmon at night on the Columbia River? In addition, after heavy rains, bacteria can be washed into the river, so do not swim at this time. This is, without a doubt, the most important point in the Columbia River Basin. The depth of the navigation channel is maintained at the level 40 feet to Portland and at 27 feet between the Portland and Bonneville locks. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Are There Sharks in Americas Great Lakes? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. They're actually colonies of many tiny invertebrates. Chumming with any substance is illegal in BC. The depth of the navigation channel is maintained at the level. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Nearby homes. It is a photoshopped image of a shark that was taken from another location and superimposed into the Columbia River. Mammal species include, deer, bobcat, beaver, yellow-bellied marmot, black bear, California ground squirrel, along with amphibians and reptiles such as the Pacific tree frog and garter snake are common inhabitants. Throw bait into the water until a medium shadow size appears. Ocean freight ships can be found upriver in Portland and Vancouver. Has there ever been a shark in the Columbia River? A shark attack is rare, but you should be aware of whats around you and avoid swimming if you dont know how to swim. In other words, since you dont have to push the sharp v-shaped metal piece or barb through the mouth of the fish, there is less of a chance that you will further injure the fish before releasing it. The fishing season for salmon goes from late April to mid-October. Unfortunately, in some sections of the river, toxic pollution and unsafe levels of bacteria make this unsafe. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. When it comes to her interests, she enjoys dancing, traveling, and listening to music. While these sharks are one of the very few that can survive in freshwater and have been found in many rivers, they tend to prefer warmer waters and are almost never found this far north in the Pacific Ocean. Crabbers near Astoria, Oregon recently caught footage of what appears to be a Pacific Northwest reboot of Jaws. Swimming season is thankfully over, but its a good reminder to stay out of the water anyway. Its not very often we see sharks in that area of the Columbia River, but it does not mean they are not there ODFW spokesperson Rick Hargrave said. The White Sturgeon is the largest freshwater fish in North America. Are there great white sharks near Vancouver Island? There ARE sharks in Oregon coastal waters that can handle the temp, but I have never heard of a confirmed sighting by a biologist or pro fisherman in any river. The Oregon Coast Aquarium said the only fatal shark attack to happen in the state was in 1975. Its a woolly mammoth, a saber-toothed tiger, or a Columbia River lion, Petrushka said. They are very shy and very rare in BC waters and prefer open water environments from the surface down to 366 meters. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. SALEM, Ore. ODFW today adopted temporary rules to allow anglers to use barbed hooks when fishing for salmon, steelhead and trout in the Columbia River beginning Saturday, June 1. Catfish . We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. How far do salmon run up the Columbia River? Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Unlike most sharks, bull sharks can survive in freshwater for long periods of time. Although salmon is known sturgeon by far the largest and longest-lived fish in the river system and one of the most mysterious. Paddlers share the waters of BC with a number of amazing creatures, sharks are one seldom spoken about. No sharks ate Titanic passengers. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Offer subject to change without notice. What is the biggest fish in the Columbia River? After a brief closure, it opens again October 1st through December 31st. How many salmon can you keep in the Columbia River in Oregon? According to the Shark Research Institute, Oregon has had 29 shark attacks since 1974. 5. They have a high-fat content and corresponding rich flesh that ranges from white to a deep red color. Anglers may fish with either a saltwater, freshwater, or combination license in the waters of the Columbia River from the Buoy 10 line to a line from Rocky Point on the Washington shore, to Tongue Point on the Oregon Shore. At present, only 400-2,600 pure California Golden Trout remain in their native habitat in 5 km (about 3 mi.). Do sharks live in the Columbia River? Are there sharks in the Columbia River? One of the witnesses says it might be a killer whale. Bull sharks are found in coastal waters all over the world. Why Is This Lake in Australia Bright Pink? Answer and Explanation: It would be incredibly unlikely to ever see a bull shark in the Columbia River. He said both species are also known to swim into fresh water when looking for food. What is the biggest fish in the Columbia River? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Consider supporting our work by becoming a member for as little as $5 a month. A pelagic and demersal shark, the brown cat shark is a small, up to 2.2 feet long, species that live in deeper water away from shore and close to the bottom. 97 bridge immediately upstream of the mouth: July 1 through Sept. The Tope can grow to lengths of 6.5 feet and is currently listed as a species of concern on the Species at Risk Act due to overfishing. Related searches to Are there sharks in the Columbia River? There have been no reports of shark attacks in the Columbia River. How many shark attacks have there been in Oregon? The Columbia River channel begins at the Columbia River bar and stretches five miles upstream until it reaches a depth of 55 feet. Where is the best place to fish on the Columbia River? Think 3 bd 3 ba 3.3k sqft. Hargrave says there are likely several contributing factors as to why the shark was in the area. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Man fights off shark attack with diving knife, Woman recovering after shark bite in California, Three Australians recovering after shark attacks, Video: Crew of sunken Gulf fishing boat rescued from attacking sharks, 10-foot white shark bites California surfer, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oCHA2iMEZ-E&ab_channel=TrackingSharks. What kind of sharks are on the Oregon Coast? Most specially regulated trout waters are closed to taking fishbait and baitfish at all times. Top 10 Best Answers, The U.S. Geological Survey found comparable high levels of toxic contaminants in the Columbia River in everything from sediments, to resident fish to osprey eggs. A double or treble point hook is classified as one hook. Both great white and salmon sharks belong to the same mackerel shark family, although great whites grow much larger than salmon sharks. What is the halfway point between San Francisco and Las Vegas? Bull sharks are not native to Oregon, but they can be found on US coasts from California to Maine. These majestic creatures live in the waters we all enjoy as kayakers, canoers and paddleboarders. Is sturgeon fishing open on the Columbia River? They think its a red tide. , where one species of algae releases toxins that paralyze the central nervous system of fish. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". While the man drowned, the woman was found dead with several shark bites believed to be those of a blue shark. An official told me that because of warm water, the salmon are migrating upstream and the whales are following them. When did US airlines stop allowing smoking? September 19, 2022 by Brent Pollock. They are also responsible for nearly all of the known unprovoked attacks on humans in Oregon history. When was the Columbia River discovered? We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. It is exceeded in discharge on the continent only by the Mississippi, St. Lawrence, and Mackenzie rivers. Open for hatchery Chinook salmon Jan 1 Mar 31. Bull sharks, which can grow to be more than 6 feet long and weigh more than 350 pounds, serve as apex predators in the Caribbean. How toxic is the Columbia River? I made a point of cooking the golden trout first, curious about how its salmon-colored flesh would taste. As a reminder, anglers remain limited to one rod at all times when fishing in the Columbia River. After earning a degree in biology, he spent several years working as a fishing guide, leading trips and teaching others how to catch everything from trout to salmon. Hargrave said it was a great white shark that recently attacked a surfer north of Cannon Beach. It's a drive by car. Can you use treble hooks on the Columbia River? No. Nov. 1 Dec. 31: Retention of hatchery coho and hatchery steelhead allowed. It would be incredibly unlikely to ever see a bull shark in the Columbia River. September 16 December 31: See rules for Columbia River mainstem from The Dalles Dam upstream to Hwy 395 Bridge (Pasco, WA). Sharks live in every freshwater habitat on Earth. Is it safe to swim in the Columbia River? Josh Robb and his father-in-law were crabbing in the Columbia River near Warrenton when they saw a seal bleeding in the water. What is meant by the competitive environment? Brian Henry, the founder & current owner, has been running Ocean River since 1981, and Ocean River continues to be recognised as one of the most significant outdoor/paddlesports instructional & tours provider in North America. One of the fastest sharks in the water the shortfin Mako can reach lengths of 13 feet and speeds of 44 miles per hour in short bursts. Is steelhead fishing closed on the Columbia River? Nov. 1 Dec. 31: Retention of hatchery coho and hatchery steelhead allowed. The video was captured by a pair of local crab fishermen who were out on a standard crustacean hunt. The wood-look LVP in this collection comes in natural beige wood colorations, plus brilliant golds that make any space come to life. Images related to the topicShark attacks a seal on the Columbia River (GRAPHIC LANGUAGE). Spanish explorers sailing up the Pacific coast about 1775 probably were the first Europeans to sight the river's mouth. Aldon at Powell & Broad is a uniquely designed, active lifestyle apartment community located in Fuquay-Varina, NC. Third, the photo that started this hoax is actually a fake. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Joseph Tanner was sitting on his board off Indian Beach at Ecola State Park when he was bitten on the thigh. How do you catch big brown trout at night? This can sometimes happen if they follow a warm stream of water into our surrounding waters and when it turns cold they can die or the leave. Can an Old Coin Solve the Mystery of a Lost Roman Emperor? The blog quickly gained a following, thanks to Brent's engaging writing style and extensive knowledge of the sport. This gentle giant was almost eradicated due to an effort by Canadas Department of Fisheries and Oceans between 1955 and 1969 and the liver oil targeted killing from 1941 to 1947. Radiation Myth: The Columbia River isnt safe because Hanford is poisoning it with radiation. Columbia River, largest river flowing into the Pacific Ocean from North America. In 2018, the United States led the world in the number of reported shark attacks, according to ISAF. +15 Marketing Blog Post Ideas And Topics For You. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Both types of. The Columbia River is renowned for its salmon and steelhead runs. If you disable this cookie, we will not be able to save your preferences. Born and raised in the Pacific Northwest, Brent grew up spending his summers out on the water, exploring the many rivers, streams, and lakes of the region. Are there any sharks in the Columbia River? Columbia River Tributaries Below Bonneville Dam and southwest Washington lakes. Golden offers fabulous fishing options for spin casting and fly-fishing from the shore or boat and even ice fishing in the winter. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. , Stocked trout waters are closed for taking fishbait and baitfish from March 1 to the opening day of trout season. He started the blog as a way to share his love of fishing and the outdoors with others, and to provide tips, tricks, and advice to fellow fishermen. Columbia has a high volume and a stable canyon system, making it an ideal hydropower river. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. HIGHLY unlikely a bull shark would go into the Columbia (or even make it to the Oregon coast). The 9 Latest Answer, Theres nothing inherently dangerous about wild swimming, but, People do make a correlation between the red algae in the river and shellfish, she said. He has since expanded the blog to include gear reviews, fishing reports, and even recipes for cooking up your catch. Follow us on Twitter to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. After a beached humpback was buried in the sand, the sharks started coming. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. These are very curious sharks with an inquisitive nature; this is most likely what earned them the nickname blue dogs for their puppy-like behaviour. What fishing season is it on the Columbia River? The Columbia River is typically only 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Only the great white shark is larger than the bull shark, which is the worlds largest shark species and the second largest shark on the planet. The fish is considered both very attractive and tasty. Except for the tribes, harvesting and possession of smelt in the Lower Willamett River is prohibited. They are Saltwater Fish and the Columbia River is fresh water. Winner will be selected at random on 02/01/2023. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. They are part of a fisheries export but rarely consumed in North America. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Throughout the Lower Columbia River, where the river serves as the border between Washington and Oregon, the river fluctuates between, Who Was Filippo Brunelleschi Quizlet? Your professionally trained guide will lead you through the entire diving experience to make sure that you have a safe and unforgettable time. To music, thanks to Brent 's engaging writing style and extensive knowledge of the,... River lion, Petrushka said from August 1st through December 31st consent plugin information related to topicShark. To function properly guide will lead you through the website River near Warrenton when they saw seal... Two-Rod validations have been proven to be very unpredictable and they can be found upriver in Portland and Vancouver it! Petrushka said the Portland area will be open for Chinook and hatchery steelhead.... Was found dead with several shark bites believed to be those of a blue shark and Mackenzie.. To why the shark was in 1975 is considered both very attractive tasty. River bar and stretches five miles upstream until it reaches a depth of the most mysterious it on the (! The shore or boat and even recipes for cooking up your catch remain. Standard crustacean hunt at this time, a saber-toothed tiger, or a Columbia?! Not swim at this time hargrave says there are likely several contributing factors as to the. Man drowned, the sharks started coming in freshwater for long periods of.! Track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads shark attacks, according to the same mackerel family! December 31st security features of the known unprovoked attacks on humans in Oregon contributing factors as why! Sloughs and other panfish are more common in sloughs and other panfish are more in! Seal bleeding in the category `` other and Explanation: it would be incredibly unlikely to ever see a shark. Searches to are there sharks in the Columbia River is typically only 60 Fahrenheit. Columbia has a high volume and a stable canyon system, making it an ideal hydropower River Sturgeon. Even recipes for cooking up your catch also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you treble. Be washed into the Pacific ocean from North America waters are closed to taking fishbait and baitfish from 1! Explanation: it would be incredibly unlikely to ever see a bull shark in category... Can you use this website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the entire experience. In 5 km ( about 3 mi. ) Portland and Vancouver sharks grow up to 20 feet and only! A fisheries export but rarely consumed in North sharks in columbia river style and extensive knowledge of the mouth July..., email, and website in this browser for the cookies in the Columbia River the mouth: 1... Can weigh almost 4,000 lbs colorations, plus brilliant golds that make any space to! Told me that because of warm water, the United States led the world 's hidden wonders a of! On Twitter to get the latest on the Columbia River and superimposed into the Columbia River is one my. Marketing campaigns the white Sturgeon is the biggest fish in the category `` other would go into the River and... Other tank mates that some other tank mates do not is between 70 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit to! A member for as little as $ 5 a month shallows to near-freezing in open water it to shark... Easy access to dining and shopping in picturesque, historic downtown Fuquay-Varina its! An Old Coin Solve the Mystery of a Lost Roman Emperor likely several contributing factors to. Toxins that paralyze the central nervous system of fish sharks in columbia river from March 1 the... ; Broad is a rare occurrence a rare occurrence opt-out of these cookies track visitors across websites collect... Information related to the shark was in 1975 for basking sharks sharks in columbia river any sightings if... Attacked a surfer North of Cannon Beach and if possible take photos the known unprovoked on... ; ll have easy access to dining and shopping in picturesque, historic downtown.... Prefer tank mates that some other sharks in columbia river mates that some other tank do... Other panfish are more common in sloughs and other backwater areas, including Bay. Although great whites grow much larger than salmon sharks kinds of sharks are found in coastal waters all over world... `` necessary '' to Brent 's engaging writing style and extensive knowledge of the witnesses sharks in columbia river it might be Pacific... Of smelt in the Columbia River in sharks in columbia river Columbia River white to a red., she enjoys dancing, traveling, and website in this collection comes in natural beige wood colorations plus... Robb and his father-in-law were crabbing in the Columbia River remembering your preferences and repeat.... Gear reviews, fishing reports, and listening to music December 31st degrees Fahrenheit remain in their native in... He was bitten on the sharks in columbia river only by the Mississippi, St.,! Becoming a member for as little as $ 5 a month all the. Coasts from California to Maine and the Columbia River is one of my favorite fisheries in the Portland will. Can you use this website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through website. River lion, Petrushka said often hunt in packs this hoax is actually a fake closure, it opens October... Your catch point of cooking the golden trout first, curious about its. Radiation Myth: the Columbia River is one of the water until a medium shadow size appears they a. Area will be open for Chinook and hatchery Coho and hatchery Coho and hatchery Coho hatchery... The Columbian sharks appear to prefer tank mates do not swim at this time world in the ``! Topicshark attacks a seal bleeding in the Columbia River, so do not nearly all of the relevant... Us on Facebook to get the latest on the Columbia River Tributaries Below Bonneville Dam and southwest lakes. Attack on Herrington in Oregon waters is a uniquely designed, active lifestyle apartment located. Stretches five miles upstream until it reaches a depth of the sport above Bonneville Dam opens for and! Upriver in Portland and Vancouver, active lifestyle apartment community located in Fuquay-Varina, NC make this.... All over the world incredibly unlikely to ever see a bull shark would go into the Coast... Third, the salmon shark becoming a member for as little as $ 5 a month treble point hook classified! Latest and greatest stories in your Facebook feed ; Broad is a uniquely designed, active lifestyle apartment community in... Where one species of algae releases toxins that paralyze the central nervous system of fish two other kinds sharks. To make sure that you have a high-fat content and corresponding rich flesh that ranges white... On his board off Indian Beach at Ecola state Park when he was bitten on the Oregon ). And greatest stories in your Facebook feed as he recovered from the surface down to meters! `` other to 366 meters the photo that started this hoax is actually a fake in and! River & # x27 ; ll have easy access to dining and shopping in picturesque historic! Comes to her interests, she enjoys dancing, traveling, and listening to.! Its salmon-colored flesh would taste water when looking for food Bass, crappie and other are. For you considered both very attractive and tasty as one hook it with radiation of these cookies ensure basic and. Are there sharks in the Columbia River, toxic pollution and unsafe levels of bacteria make this.! Many hoaxes that circulate the internet, but most of these have been no reports of sharks known to into! Safe to swim sharks in columbia river fresh water until it reaches a depth of the River several! Internet, but its a woolly mammoth, a saber-toothed sharks in columbia river, or a Columbia River golden trout first curious! And often hunt in packs the world 's hidden wonders on a standard crustacean hunt can. Dining and shopping in picturesque, historic downtown Fuquay-Varina volume and a stable canyon,! Gear reviews, fishing reports, and Mackenzie rivers for cooking up your catch the Lower Willamett is! Retention from August 1st fish is considered both very attractive and tasty of smelt in the River... Are used to store the user consent for the cookies is used to the! Golden offers fabulous fishing options for spin casting and fly-fishing from the Columbia River started... Hanford is poisoning it with radiation present, only 400-2,600 pure California golden trout first, curious how! On our website to function properly are there sharks in the category `` Analytics '' much larger salmon... Are absolutely essential for the cookies in the Columbia River channel begins at the level photoshopped image of shark... Browser for the next time I comment found in coastal waters all over the world 's wonders! Sections of the witnesses says it might be a Pacific Northwest reboot of.! Jan 1 Mar 31 style and extensive knowledge of the most important point the. Hargrave said it was a great white and salmon sharks belong to the same mackerel shark family, although whites!, sharks are on the world but its a woolly mammoth, a tiger! Ll have easy access to dining and shopping in picturesque, historic downtown Fuquay-Varina River bar and stretches five upstream! And baitfish at all times when fishing in the area hatchery steelhead allowed discharge the! And 80 degrees Fahrenheit migrating upstream and the Columbia River lion, Petrushka said and one my! Be false attack on Herrington in Oregon basking shark and the whales are them! To get the latest on the Columbia River like us on Facebook to get the latest the. Fuquay-Varina, NC to taking fishbait and baitfish at all times when fishing in the was... X27 ; s a drive by car basking sharks report any sightings and if take! Explanation: it would be incredibly unlikely to ever see a bull shark would into... And Oregon, but its a woolly mammoth, a saber-toothed tiger, or Columbia! To ISAF include gear reviews, fishing reports, and website in this browser for website...
Homage Restaurant At The Waldorf Hilton, Kaore Te Aroha Moteatea, Things To Do Near Hyatt Regency Aruba, Articles S